Diagnostic and Prognostic DNA-Karyometry for Cancer Diagnostics
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30683/1929-2279.2020.09.05Keywords:
DNA-karyometry, DNA-image-cytometry, nuclear classification, automation, DNA-grading, prostate cancer, early diagnosis, effusions, urinary cytology, cervical cytology, bronchial cytology, oral cytology.Abstract
Diagnostic and prognostic DNA-karyometry represents an automated computerized microscopical procedure, designed to improve cancer diagnostics at three different aspects:
- Screening for cancer cells, e.g. in body cavity effusions, urines or mucosal smears
- Specifying the risk of dysplasias or borderline lesions to progress to manifest cancer, e.g. of oral, bronchial or cervical mucosa, or the ovary.
- Grading the malignancy of certain tumors, like prostate cancer.
It combines an automated diagnostic classification of Feulgen-stained nuclei with precise nuclear DNA-measurements. DNA-aneuploidy is used as a specific marker of malignancy and its degree for grading.
All types of cytological specimens can be used after (re-)staining specific for DNA according to Feulgen. Histological specimens are subjected to enzymatic cell separation before Feulgen-staining.
A video-slide scanner is used for automated scanning of microscopical slides. Diagnostic nuclear classifiers have tissue-specifically been trained by an expert-cytopathologist (A. B.), based on Random Forest Classifiers, applying 18 different morphometric features. They achieve an overall accuracy of 91.1% to differentiate 8 differents types of objects/nuclei. Nuclear DNA-measurements of diploid nuclei achieve a CV of <3%. DNA-stemline-aneuploidy, applied as a 100% specific marker for malignancy, is detected and quantified, using internationally accepted algorithms (ESACP 1995-2001). Suspicion of malignancy is raised in the absence of DNA-aneuploidy but presence of >1% morphometrically abnormal nuclei.
Time needed for loading, scanning and validation of results per slide is about 10 minutes. Results of digital diagnostic nuclear classification can be verified by a cytopathologist, using image galleries. Likewise automated diagnostic interpretation of nuclear DNA-distributions can be checked on the monitor, before a pathologists validated diagnoses are issued.
Screening-results are presented for body cavity effusions and urines. Evaluations of dysplasias are reported for oral, bronchial and cervical smears. Results of grading malignancy are shown for prostate cancers.
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